Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can cause acute and chronic pain along with motor, cognitive and emotional problems. Although the mechanisms are poorly understood, previous studies suggest disruptions in endogenous pain modulation may be involved. Voluntary exercise after a TBI has been shown to reduce some consequences of injury including cognitive impairment. We hypothesized, therefore, that voluntary exercise could augment endogenous pain control systems in a rodent model of TBI. For these studies, we used a closed head impact procedure in male mice modeling mild TBI. We investigated the effect of voluntary exercise on TBI-induced hindpaw nociceptive sensitization, diffuse noxious inhibitory control failure and periorbital sensitization after bright light stress, a model of post-traumatic headache. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of exercise on memory, circulating markers of brain injury, neuroinflammation and spinal cord gene expression. We observed that exercise significantly reduced TBI-induced hindpaw allodynia and periorbital allodynia in the first week following TBI. We also showed that exercise improved the deficits associated with diffuse noxious inhibitory control and reduced bright light stress-induced allodynia up to two months after TBI. In addition, exercise preserved memory and reduced TBI-induced increases in spinal BDNF, CXCL1, CXCL2 and prodynorphin expression, all genes previously linked to TBI-induced nociceptive sensitization. Taken together, our observations suggest that voluntary exercise may reduce pain after TBI by reducing TBI-induced changes in nociceptive signaling and preserving endogenous pain control systems.
Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc.